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In 1981, Elson's Gift and News paid DC to repackage some of their comics into Elson's Presents Super Heroes Comics. There were six issues, each featuring the same cover (with just a change in background color). The interiors were pulled from existing DC books, including the original ads. The only new material for any of the issues was the Elson's comic style ad on the back covers with art by Jose Luis Garcia-Lopez.

DC had a similar deal with Lionel Playworld and produced a similar five-issue series with them. Again, using this same cover (with the Playworld logo dropped in where the Elson's one appears here). The interiors, while different, were also pulled from various DC comics from early 1981.

There's curious debate about the interiors. Because the original ads are included, and nearly all of the material comes from January 1981 issues, many people believe these were not in fact reprints at all. Rather, they were returned/remaindered copies of the originals which were literally pulled apart and glued back together with a new cover. A few years back, I talked about how Russ Cochran did something similar with his EC reprints.

In DC's case, I suspect they were looking to deal with massive overages that came from the rise of the direct market. Newsstand sales, you'll recall, were returnable whereas direct market sales were not. But since the two markets worked side by side for several years, I expect there was a point where direct market sales outstripped newsstand ones and the printing overages were no longer necessary. But in that transition period, DC could well have ended up with thousands more returned comics than they used to see. And while they used to pulp those returned issues, I don't doubt there was a clever DC executive who struck upon this repackaging idea.

That these comics were set up with a generic cover, and a small retailer logo dropped in place, I'm pretty confident it was DC who packaged these up and went to retailers with this set up. Possibly as a variation on those three-comics-in-a-sealed-bag deals you used to find at convenience stores. Given that the whole experiment with both the Elson's and Lionel versions started and ended in 1981 -- and used 1981 issues as their contents -- I suspect it didn't go over very well. Either they were far too costly for the retailers, or for DC itself.

The predominance of the direct market today (at least in terms of DC sales) almost inherently precludes an experiment like this from taking place again. Thanks to the non-returnable nature of direct market sales, publishers simply don't print the huge overruns that they used to. They print exactly what is ordered and no more, so there aren't any extra copies that need to be dealt with at all; never mind having to decide whether to pulp or repackage them.

But I think it's fascinating little nugget of comics history that essentially only could have occurred in a small window when the direct market was really starting to gain traction over newsstands.
As you may have heard, it was announced yesterday that DC has come to an agreement with Webtoon to collaborate on upcoming webcomics using DC properties. They didn't mention specific characters or creators, but we're basically talking about official Batman webcomics.

Or are we?

Well, we are in the sense that it sounds like the stories are intended to be tied to the DC Universe canon. The official statement only says about that: "The agreement will see DC and WEBTOON collaborate on several upcoming webcomic series’ set in the DC Universe." If they were talking about doing kid-friendly versions like Teen Titans Go or DC Super Hero Girls, they would have used language like "starring iconic characters from DC's vast catalog of properties" or something like that. So, in theory, when Batman shows up in one of these webcomics, it will be the Batman as it were.

However, there's an understated key line in the announcement that suggests the characters they won't be focusing on. That key line is about how they aren't releasing any details yet. "Additional details – including information about local language translations – will be supplied in the coming weeks." That bit about local language translations is critical in pointing to their thought process here. Webtoon is owned by Naver Corporation, which is a wildly successful company... in South Korea. DC has the infrastructure already to host webcomics if the goal was strictly using the web to advertise; that was part of the point of their Zuda competition a decade ago. By teaming up with Webtoon, and with the acknowledgement that they're very much looking at having the webcomics presenting in languages other than just English, DC is indicating that they are deliberately trying to break into the online southeast Asia market that Naver has such a strong IP command over.

Now why do I think that means they will not be focusing on certain characters? Because DC's big name heroes -- Superman, Batman, and Wonder Woman in particular -- already have phenomonal recognition worldwide. They were literally some of the most recognizeable characters on the planet, even before the relatively recent spate of movies. DC does not need to do any additional advertising to tell people about basically any of their characters that have had their own movie in the past decade. So I'm pretty sure these webcomics will not feature Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, Aquaman, Flash, Captain Marvel/Shazam, or anyone from Suicide Squad. Probably everyone from the TV shows will be out of the running too, so no Green Arrow, Supergirl, Batwoman, Black Lightning, or Doom Patrol.

That's not to say these character won't show up at all, but I strongly doubt they'll be title characters. My guess is that, since DC seems to be interested in introducing foreign audiences to some of their characters, we'll be seeing webcomics featuring characters like Dr. Fate, The Question, Mister Miracle, Booster Gold, and the like. Characters that might have strong followings but not wide ones.

DC Comics is still an R&D arm for Warner Brothers. Recall that Webtoon is still primarily a free platform for readers, and DC's intent here is to build character/brand awareness in non-US markets. They're leveraging Webtoon as a promotional tool and they don't need to build awareness of Superman. They want to see what characters and ideas resonate in Asian markets, so that they can start making TV shows and movies about them too. Does that mean we'll get an Elongated Man movie? I have no idea; I don't know what charcters DC wants to promote and what might catch people's interest on the other side of the globe. But then, finding the answers to that is what this is all about!
Just to point out how prolific Jack Kirby was (in honor of his birthday coming in about two weeks) here's a list of some of the characters and creations attributed to him. It's mostly taken from these two lists, plus a handful of additions I noticed weren't in either. I'm confident this is nowhere near complete -- it doesn't even take into account characters he created for animation studios -- that's how awesome Jack Kirby was.

Abner Little
2-D Men (Dimension of Doom)
500' Tall Humanoid (Humanoids)
Abominable Snowman
Abraham Erskine
Absorbatron (Leader's weapon)
Absorbing Man
Abu Dakir (Mogul ally)
Acrobat (Human Torch foe)
Adam Warlock
Adams, Cynthia (encountered Creature from Planet X)
Adora (Comicsville character)
Agatha Harkness
Agent Axis
Agent L (HYDRA defector)
Aginar
Agnar the Fierce (Asgardian)
Agron (Captain America foe)
Air-Cars (Yashonka tech)
Aireo
Airjet-Cycle (Fantastic Four vehicle)
Ajak
Alibar (Mogul, Thor character)
Alicia Masters
alien champion (Marvel monster)
Alien Scout (Marvel monster)
Alpha Primitive
Amanda ?? (encountered Cyclops (monster), pre-FF)
Amphibian Androids (Synthoids)
Amphibion (Hulk foe)
Anderson, Dave (Hulk character)
Android Man (Thing foe)
Anelle (Hulkling's mother, Avengers/Fantastic Four character)
Anne ?? (encountered Roc)
Annihilus
Ant-Man
Anti-Cosmic Flying Wing (used to combat cosmic Dr. Doom)
Aquaticans (Dr. Druid/Droom foe)
Archeopian (xt, Thor characters)
Ardina of Earth-7888
Ares (Marvel Comics)
Arishem the Judge
armed carts (Yashonka tech)
Arnim Zola
Arrkam, King (Hulk foe)
Artemis (Marvel Comics)
Arthur (Hulk robot creator)
Astor, Ken (General Argyle Fist agent)
Athena (Marvel Comics)
Atlas (DC Comics)
Atomic Changer (Kiber's Guards weapon)
Atomic Space-Displacer (Fantastic Four device)
Attuma (Namor foe)
Auto-Boxers (Eternals toy)
Autocron (alien race, Machine Man/Quasar/Avengers foes)
Avengers (comics)
Avril, Sally (Spider-Man character)
Awesome Android
Balder (comics)
Baldini (Exiles)
Barnes, Bucky imposter (WW2, Midge)
Baron Strucker
Baron Zemo
Baron Zemo (Heinrich, 12th Baron Zemo)
Baron Zemo imposter (Franz Gruber)
Barracuda (Captain Barracuda)
Barton, Sally (Brute That Walks' lover)
Bat, The (Rawhide Kid foe)
Bates, Barney (cab driver)
Bates, Marina (Captain America character)
Bates, Mr. (Ra the Avenger victim)
Batroc the Leaper
Baxter, Mr. (Gigantus foe)
Baxu (Iron Man foe)
Beast (X-Men)
Beautiful Dreamer
Beaver Division (HYDRA)
Beehive (Enclave)
Beeper Dogs (Yashonka tech)
Benedict, Luther (Marvel horror)
Benson, Anne (Bruttu's lover)
Bentley (Simon Drudd's partner)
Bentley, Charles (X, the Thing That Lived creator)
Bentley, Edward (Scorpion foe)
Bernard the Poet (X-Men character)
Betatron Bomb (HYDRA weapon)
Betty Ross
Big Barda
Big Bear
Big Masai (Silver Star character)
Big Rock (Maggia, Fantastic Four foe)
Biggs (Captain America character)
Bill ?? (S.H.I.E.L.D. agent)
Black Bolt
Black Musketeers (Black Panther characters)
Black Musketeers (comics)
Black Panther (comics)
Black Racer (DC Comics)
Black Talon (WW2, Captain America foe)
Black Talon's gang (Captain America foes)
Black Toad (World War II era, Captain America)
Blake, Joe (Wyatt Earp ally)
Blastaar
Blips (Electrical beings)
Blob (comics)
Bogey
Bolivar Trask
Bombu (pre-FF monster)
Boomerang (comics)
Boothroyd (S.H.I.E.L.D. weapons supplier)
Bor (Marvel Comics)
Borers (Negative Zone)
Boss Barker (Fantastic Four foe, Skrulls of Kral)
Boswell (Daredevil foe)
Boy Commandos
Brainosaur (Tony Stark invention)
Brenner, Wolfgang (Red Skull's servant)
Bri Berkley
Broadhurst, Dr. Oliver (roboticist)
Brogin, Bull (Terrible Trio)
Brok the Crusher (Warriors of a Thousand Galaxies)
Brona (Enchanters)
Brooklyn Badgers (Black Toad)
Brother Dickens (Night People)
Brother Harmony (Night People)
Brother Inquisitor (Night People)
Brother Joshua (Miracle Man)
Brother Peach Pie (Night People)
Brother Powerful (Night People)
Brother Tode
Brother Wonderful (Night People)
Brotherhood of Hades (Machine Man foes)
Brotherhood of Mutants
Brown-Back of Earth-78411 (Dinosaur World, Devil Dinosaur character)
Brown, Mary (encountered "Thing from the Hidden Swamp")
Bruno Mannheim
Brute That Walks (giant monster)
Bruttu (giant monster)
Bucky
Bull (Captain America foe)
Bullet-Proof Man (Rawhide Kid foe)
Buri (Tiwaz)
Burner (comics)
Burner (Crucible, Mutant Force/Resistants member)
Butterfly (Captain America foe, WWII era)
C.I.A. Agents of Earth-7888
Cabbie (Fantastic Four character)
Cadavus, Franz (Exiles)
Camel Division (HYDRA)
Captain (Stone Men)
Captain 3-D
Captain America
Captain America imposter (Acrobat)
Captain America imposter (WW2, Duffer)
Captain America imposters (would-be fill-ins)
Captain Barracuda (Human Torch foe)
Captain from Texas (Old West hero, Captain America variant)
Captain Glory
Captain Kane (captured Experiment 247)
Captain Victory
Captive (Epsiloni)
Carter, John (Torr foe)
Carter, Professor (enemy of Krang)
Cartwright, John (Titan foe)
Cartwright, Victor (Dragoom foe)
Cartwright, Victor (Lizard Men foe)
cat-man (slave of Skrulls of Kral)
Cerberus (hellhound)
Challengers of the Unknown
Charles Xavier's Explorer Wheelchair (tank-tread wheelchair)
Charlie ?? (Fantastic Four character)
Charlie ?? (Gigantus foe)
Charlie ?? (Unus foe)
Chester Phillips
Cho ?? (Hu Sak's brother)
Chuda (Replicus creator)
Citadel of Science (Enclave)
Clayton, Adam (Strange Tales)
Coal Tiger
Coaxer (SHIELD technology)
Cohen, Isadore "Izzy" (Howling Commandos member)
Collectors/Council of Antiquarians (Black Panther characters)
Colonel Kuro Chin (SHIELD)
Colossus (super-computer)
Comicsville (2001 location)
Commander Hartnell (encountered Titano)
Commander Troga (Hunters of the Captive)
Comrade X (Ant-Man foe)
Conrad, Lewis (Taboo foe)
Contemplator (Elder of the Universe)
Conversion Chamber (Kiber's converter)
Cooper, Dan (Keeper foe)
Cooper, Fred (Lizard Men foe)
Corporation (Captain America foes)
Cosgrove of Earth-7888
Cosmic Power Siphon Harness (device of Dr. Doom)
Count Bornag Royale (SHIELD foe)
Count Tagar (New Men/New Immortals)
Craddock, H. Warren imposter (Skrull)
Crazy Quilt
Creature from Krangro (alien invader)
Creature from Planet X (Strange Worlds monster)
Creatures From Kosmos (Kosmosians)
Creatures from Krogarr (Tales to Astonish)
Crusaders (Marvel Comics)
Crusher (Hades, Thor#130)
Crypto-Man (Thor foe)
Crystal (comics)
Cummings, Diane (It's Amazing Crew, It the Living Colossus character)
Cummings, John (Dimension of Doom)
Curtiss, Lance (1960s sci-fi character)
Cyclops (X-Men)
Cyclops (Fantastic Four foe)
Cyclops (Tales of Suspense monster)
Dabney Donovan
Dalton, Amanda (18th century witch)
Dame Kackle (Golden Age, Defender foe)
Dan Turpin
Dancer, Ben (Two-Gun Kid's mentor)
Dane, Elias (horror character)
Danger Room
Darius Drumm (Silver Star foe)
Darkseid
Davis, Rocky (Yellow Claw foe)
Dawes, Harry (encountered Stone Men)
Death Master (Comicsville villain)
Deep Six (DC Comics)
Delphan Brothers
Demon (Thor foe)
Demon-Riders (Mogul, Thor characters)
Dempsey (High Evolutionary's first New Man)
Desaad
Destroyer (Human Torch foe)
Destroyer Duck
Destructon (Captain America foe)
Deviant (comics)
Devil Dinosaur
Devilance
Diablo (Fantastic Four foe)
Diablo (smoke creature, fifth dimension)
Dimension of Doom
Dimension Z (home of Living Eraser)
Dingbats of Danger Street
Dino Manelli
Dionysus (Marvel Comics)
Disintegrator (Blue City on the Moon)
disintegrator (King Solomon’s tomb)
Doctor Bedlam
Doctor Doom
Doctor Faustus (comics)
Doctor Murrow of Earth-1228 (Fantastic Four foe)
Doctor Parker (pre-FF scientist)
Domo (comics)
Doolittle, Abner (Captain America foe)
Doombots (Servo-Guard)
Dorrek VII (Skrull emperor, Avengers/Fantastic Four foe)
Doughboy (comics)
Dr. Doom's Killer Robots (Fantastic Four foes)
Dr. Grimm (WW2, Captain America foe)
Dr. Shrinker (Iron Man foe)
Dr. Steiner (operated Black Talon, WW2)
Dr. Strange (Iron Man foe)
Dr. Svenson (doctor, Avengers ally)
Dragon Man
Dragoom (pre-FF monster)
Dreaming Celestial
Dredmund Druid (Captain America/Nick Fury foe)
Dredmund the Druid
Drenkov, Igor (Hulk foe)
Drom the Spirit-Weaver (Warriors of a Thousand Galaxies)
Dromedan (Eternals foe)
Drudd, Simon (pre-FF scientist)
Druig (Eternals foe)
Dubbilex
Dum Dum Dugan
Duncan ?? (encountered Cyclops (monster), pre-FF)
Earth-1228 (Earth-The Original Marvel Bullpen Had Become the Fantastic Four)
Earth-7888 (Earth-M/Earth-Moebius) , Doc Savage & Snood
Edna McCoy
Eev of Earth-78411 (Devil Dinosaur/Moonboy ally)
Egghead (Ant-Man/Avengers/Defenders foe)
Ego the Living Planet
Electronic Mask (Fixer invention)
Electronic Mass Influencer (Xavier's device)
Elektro (giant robot)
Emotion Charger (used to disrupt Reed and Sue's wedding)
Encephalo-Gun (Fantastic Four item)
Enchanters (Thor foes)
Enclave (Fantastic Four foes)
Energy Globes (Kiber's life energy converters)
Epiderm-Mask (HYDRA technology)
Epsiloni (alien race)
Erskine, Abraham (Captain America character, Operation: Rebirth) - by G Morrow
Eson the Searcher
Eternals (comics)
Etrigan the Demon
Evans, Leslie (Groot foe)
Evelyn ?? (18th century, jealous of a witch)
Evil Eye (energy weapon)
Executioner (Thor foe-- no, not that one)
Exiles (Captain America foes)
Experiment 247 (giant turtle)
Experiment XYZ (giant turtle)
Fafnir of Nastrond (Thor foe)
Falcon Division (HYDRA)
False Face (fictional character) - by David Lawrence
Fandral
Fantasti-Copter (seldom-used FF vehicle)
Fantastic Four
Fantastic Four of Earth-1228
Fantastic-Kids (young Fantastic Four fans)
Faraday, Mark (encountered Monstro)
Farnsworth, Lucius (horror character)
Farrington, Leslie (executive, Imperial Industries International)
Female Furies
Fenris Wolf (Asgardian monster)
Fenris Wolf (Marvel Comics)
Fields, Jerry (Franklin's son)
Fields, Judge Franklin (Machine Man ally)
Fields, Olivia (Franklin's daughter)
Fifth Dimension (home dimension of Xemu)
Fighting American
Fin Fang Foom
Fireproof Natives (Human Torch foes)
Fiske, Wilbur (1950s mutate)
Fixer (comics)
Flame Chariot (King Solomon’s Tomb)
Flec, Andreas (Chamber of Darkness character)
Florus Homo (World War 2, Vision (Aarkus) foe)
Fly (Archie Comics)
Flying Fortress (Dr. Doom's ship)
Followers (annoying devices of Dr. Doom)
Forager (comics)
Forever People
Forgotten One (Gilgamesh, Avengers member)
Forsung (Enchanters)
Fox (Human Torch foe)
Fox Division (HYDRA)
Fox, John (xd, 2000 AD prisoner)
Franklin Richards
Franklin Storm
Franklin, Buck (Destroyer host, Thor foe)
Fredricks, Lt. General (X-Men/Fantastic Four character)
Frightful Four
Funky Flashman
Fury, Nick LMDs (all of the pesky imitators!)
Gabe Jones
Galactus
Galactus of Earth-7888 , Doc Savage & Snood
Galactus' Fantastic Four duplicates (cosmic re-creations)
Galp of the Steel Arm (Warriors of a Thousand Galaxies)
Gammenon the Gatherer
Gargantus (Iron Man foe)
Gargoyle (comics)
Garm (Galactic Bounty Hunters)
Garret Berkley
Gates, "Gunner" (Captain America foe)
General Argyle Fist (Defenders/Captain America character)
General Ching (Exiles)
General Chou (Yashonka)
General Fang (Hulk foe)
General Manor (WW2, Red Skull victim)
General Wo (Captain America foe)
Giant (Devil Dinosaur foe)
Giganto (Atlantean monster)
Giganto (Fantastic Four/Avengers foe)
Gigantus (Marvel monster)
Gimlet (Maggia, Fantastic Four foe)
Global Peace Agency
Globe of Ultimate Knowledge (Hulk/Uatu/Spider-Man stories)
Gloria ?? (encountered Trull the Unhuman)
Glorious Godfrey
Golden Angel (wrestler, Thing foe)
Golden Bull (ancient artifact, Thor/Daredevil stories)
Goliath (Gigantus)
Gomdulla (pre-FF monster)
Googam (Goom's son)
Goom (Tales of Suspense)
Goozlebobber
Gor-Kill (Marvel Monster, Tales of Suspense)
Gorgilla
Gorgon (Inhuman)
Gorlion (Dr. Druid foe)
Gorro (Dr. Grimm experiment)
Grabber (Dr. Doom's device)
Graham, Dr. (Thor ally)
Granny Gardenia (Thor character)
Granny Goodness
Green Thing (Marvel monster)
Green Thing's creator
Gregory Gideon
Grey Gargoyle
Grogg (Marvel monster)
Groot
Grottu (monster)
Growing Man (Avengers foe)
Gruber (Journey into Mystery)
Grubnik, Hans (Gor-Kill foe)
Grumm, Boris (encountered Sazzik the Sorcerer)
Gruning, Eric (Exiles)
Gruto (pre-FF monster)
Guardian (DC Comics)
Guardian Robots (Servo-Guard)
Guerilla fighters (led by Hu Sak, Thor foes)
Gullin (Boar-god)
Gyro-Cruiser (Wakandan vehicle)
H.E.R.B.I.E.
Hag of the Pits of Dinosaur World (Devil Dinosaur/Godzilla ally)
Haines, Dr. William (Machine Man co-creator)
Haines, Lou (Golden Age, Captain America foe)
Hamilton, Jerome (Enclave)
Hammer-Hand Androids (Synthoids)
Hangman (Captain America villain)
Hanson, Bart (encountered Trull the Unhuman)
Hanson, Joe (Creature from Krogarr foe)
Happy Sam Sawyer
Hargen the Measurer
Hargrove, Lewis (Red's brother)
Hargrove, Red (Nick Fury's best friend)
Harper, Dan (Pandora foe)
Harper, Diane (robot, Eric Krugg foe)
Harper, Joe (Xemnu the Titan foe)
Harris, Sam (pre-FF character)
Harrison, Edward (Conspiracy)
Hartnell, David (Stonians foe)
Hatch-22 (Six-Million Year Man)
Hate-Monger
Hate-Monger (Hitler clone-dealy-o)
Hauptmann, Gustav (Fantastic Four character)
Hawley, Evelyn (Pamela's mother)
Hawley, Pamela (Nick Fury lover)
Hawley, Peter (Pamela's father)
Heat-Image Tracer (Fantastic Four device)
Heebie
Heimdall (Marvel Comics)
Heinz Kruger
Hela (Marvel Comics)
Helen ?? (Thorg foe)
Hellcat (Defenders member)
Henry Pym
Hephaestus (Marvel Comics)
Hera (Marvel Comics)
Hercules (Marvel Comics)
Herman ?? (one of Nick Scarpa’s men)
Hermes (Marvel Comics)
High Evolutionary
High Priest (encountered Gomdulla)
Highfather
Hijacker (Ant-Man foe)
Himon
Hippolyta (Olympian goddess)
Hiram Girk (creator of Paratron)
Ho Yinsen
Hoarfen
Hodges (Imperial Industries International)
Hogun
Hover-Cycle (Fantastic Four vehicle)
Howling Commandos (World War II ranger squadron)
Hu Sak (Thor foe)
Hulk (comics)
Hulk Hogan (Two-Gun kid foe)
Hulk robot (Eternals, Thing/She-Hulk foe)
Human Torch (Johnny Storm)
Human Torch (Sol Brodsky) of Earth-1228
Human Torch duplicate (Galactus' Fantastic Four duplicates)
Hunter (HYDRA weapon)
Hunter, John (pre-FF character)
Hydra-Piller (HYDRA tanks)
Hydra-Ram (HYDRA/S.H.I.E.L.D. vehicle)
Hypno-Creature (Dimension of Doom)
Hypno-Fish (Atlantean fish)
Hypno-Gun (Maximus weapon)
I.B.P. (S.H.I.E.L.D. jet)
Iceberg Rocket (used against Hulk)
Iceman (comics)
Idunn (Asgardian goddess)
Idunn (comics)
Igan (patient/henchman of Dr. Grimm)
Ignatius, Paul (Avengers character)
Igron (Thor foe)
Ikaris
Image Projector (Avengers device)
Immortus
Imperial Hydra
Impossible Man
Indestructible (Thor foe)
Infant Terrible (Fantastic Four foe)
Inferno-42 (A.I.M. weapon)
Infinity-Man
Infra-Red Machine (Strange Tales)
Inhumans
Inter-Continental Phone Hook-Up (Nick Fury device)
Intergang
Invincible Man (Fantastic Four foe)
Invisible Girl (Florence Steinberg) of Earth-1228
Invisible Woman
Iron Hand Hauptmann (Exiles)
Iron Man
Ishanta (Black Musketeers)
Isle of Silence (Loki's sometime-base) & Proto-Man
It! The Living Colossus
Itobo, Joshua (Black Musketeers)
Ivan (Fantastic Four foe)
Jakarra (Black Panther foe)
Jane Foster
Jean Grey
Jed Walker
Jeebie
Jemiah the Analyzer
Jinku (Lava Men)
Jinni Devil (Mogul, Thor character)
Jiru (Black Panther character)
Joe ?? (Fantastic Four character)
Joe ?? (S.H.I.E.L.D. agent)
John ?? (encountered Roc)
Johnson, Frank (Zzutak creator/foe)
Johnson's monster (Zzutak foe)
Jones, Ricardo (Thing imposter)
Jordan (1960s ghost hunter)
Juggernaut (comics)
Jungle Action
Junior Juniper
Juniper, Jonathan "Junior" (Howling Commandos)
Justifiers
Kaa (Warlord Kaa, monster)
Kai-Mak (Vision (Aarkus) foe)
Kala (comics)
Kalibak
Kallusians (xt, Avengers foes)
Kamandi
Kane, Roderick of "Earth-62192" (would-be conqueror from the 51st century)
Kang the Conqueror
Kanto (comics)
Karkas
Karnak (comics)
Karnilla
Kartu Kon (Astonishing character, alien)
Keeper (A.I.M., Cosmic Cube)
Keewazi Indians (Native American tribe)
Keibler Circus (circus, one-time home of the Hulk)
Keller, Dr. Martin (Gordon Sanders victim)
Kemperer Family of Earth-7888
Kenojuak, Aningan (Avengers character)
Khanata (Black Musketeers)
Khor (Vision (Aarkus) foe)
Kiber Island
Kiber the Cruel
Kiber's Guards (drones, Black Panther foes)
Kiber's prisoners
Kid Slugg
Kim ?? (Hu Sak's sister)
King Solomon’s Frog (time machine)
King Solomon’s Tomb
King Vladimir (predecessor of Dr. Doom)
Kingo Sunen
Klarion the Witch Boy
Klaw (Master of Sound, Black Panther/Avengers/Fantastic Four etc. foe)
Kligger (Corporation)
Knorda (Thor/Avengers/Fantastic Four character)
Knorda of Earth-1000
Knorda of Earth-8921
Kobra (comics)
Konrad Zaxon (Hulk foe)
Kosmosians (aliens)
Kozlov, Miklos (Grogg foe)
Kraa (Marvel monster)
Kragg, General (Machine Man friend/foe)
Krang (giant ant)
Krask, Kronin (Thor foe)
Kree
Kreig, James (Fantastic Four character)
Kringe (Brotherhood of Hades)
Kro (comics)
Kronans (Thor foes)
Krowe, Kharion (Yellow Claw servant)
Kruger, Heinz (Captain America foe)
Krugg, Eric (Journey into Mystery, robot creator)
Krumhauen, Luther (Journey into Mystery)
Krushki (Exiles)
Kuhn (Journey into Mystery)
Kurrgo (Fantastic Four foe)
Kurrgo's Robot
Lamp of Alaeddin (Alibar)
Land Crusher of Reality-78411 ("Sky Demons" weapon)
Langley, Billy (Mark's son)
Langley, Helen (Mark's wife)
Langley, Mark (Tales of Suspense)
Lashina
Laufey (comics)
Laura ?? (encountered Gruto)
Lederer, Horst (Red Skull's servant)
Lenny ?? (Captain America foe, WWII era)
Leopard Division (HYDRA)
Lifter (Meteorite, Mutant Force/Resistants member)
Lightray
Lindstrom of Earth-7888
Lindstrom, Professor (Yellow Claw character)
Linus ?? (Thorg foe)
Lippy Louie (Skrulls of Kral)
List of New Gods
Lithodia Rexians (pre-FF aliens)
Live Wire (Marvel Comics)
Living Eraser (Giant-Man foe)
Living Rock (Lava Men weapon)
Living Shadow (Warlord Kaa)
Living Talisman (Enchanters)
Living Totem (Rawhide Kid foe)
Lizard Men (Deviants, Monster Hunter foes)
Lizard Men of Tok (Microverse)
Llhupa (Golden Age, Vision foe)
Lo-Karr (pre-FF monster)
Lockjaw
Loki
Lomm (Dr. Grimm's assistant)
Long-Legs (Devil Dinosaur foe)
Lord Ha-Ha (Howling Commandos foe)
Lord of Death (Captain America foe)
Lucas, Cyril (Captain America foe)
Lucas, Willie (Captain America character)
Lucifer (X-Men/Captain America/Iron Man foe)
Ludwig ?? (Krang foe)
Lurking Unknown (Fear-Lords)
Ma Slugg
Machine Man
Mad Thinker
Madame X (Comrade X)
Madbomb (Royalist Forces' weapon)
Magneto
Magneto (pre-Fantastic Four character)
Magnir (Enchanters)
Magno-Man (slave of Skrulls of Kral)
Maha Yogi
Mainframe (Galactic Bounty Hunters)
Major Croy (WW2, Red Skull victim)
Major Douglas (WW2, Red Skull victim)
Major Uberhart (Nazi, Red Skull agent)
Makkari
Male Model of Earth-7888 (Silver Surfer)
Mallon, "Crow" (Rawhide Kid foe)
Man-Beast
Man-Fish (Captain America foe)
Man-Thing (Captain America foe)
Manelli, Dino (Howling Commandos member)
Mangog
Manhunter
Manhunters
Manor, Mildred (General Manor's wife)
Mantis (DC Comics)
Maria ?? (Hulk character)
Marie (Andreas Flec's manikin)
Mark Moonrider
Marshall, Paul (pre-FF monster)
Marshall, Victor (Marvel monster hero)
Martian Who Stole A City (Tales of Suspense)
Martian Who Walks Among Us (Strange Tales)
Martin, "Machine Gun" (role model of Skrulls of Kral)
Mason, Jake (Bombu foe)
Master of Guile of Earth-7888
Mastermind (Jason Wyngarde)
Masters of Evil (Heinrich Zemo's)
Matter Mobilizer (device of Uatu)
Maulers (rival squad of the Howling Commandos)
Maxie ?? (Unus' trainer)
Maximus (comics)
McGiveney, Sgt. Bull (Maulers leader)
Mean Machine (Ten-For)
Mechanical Gladiator (Hulk foe)
Mechano-Monster (Kronans robot)
Medusa (Inhumans)
Medusa D'Bari (Avengers foe)
Mentallo
Metallo (horror character)
Metron
Midnight Monster (Journey into Mystery)
Miller, Dr. Bradford (Silver Star character)
Miller, Nan (encountered Don Russell)
Miller, Steve (Nan's husband)
Mind Master (Brotherhood of Hades)
Miracle Man
Mister Fantastic
Mister Miracle
Mister Miracle (Shilo Norman)
Mister One & Mister Two (Captain America characters)
Mitchell, Dan (encountered Gruto)
MODOK
Mogul of the Mystic Mountain (Thor foe)
Mole Division (HYDRA)
Mole Man
Molecule Man
Molten Man-Thing (Fantastic Four foe)
Molto (Lava Man)
Mongu (Hulk foe)
Monk (WW2, Black Talon's gang)
Monocle (Fantastic Four/Spider-Man foe)
Monster (At My Window) (pre-FF monster)
Monster (Escapes) (pre-FF alien)
Monster (pre-FF monster)
Monster from the Lost Lagoon (Fantastic Four/Power Pack character)
Monster in the Iron Mask (alien villain)
Monster in the Iron Mask (Pre-FF monster)
monster robot (Yashonka tech)
Monster That Walked Like A Man (Gigantus)
Monsteroso (micro-monster)
Monsteroso (monster)
Monsters of Zero Street (Night People foes)
Monstro (pre-FF monster)
Monstrom (swamp monster)
Moomba (monster)
Moon Tractor (Tony Stark invention)
Moon-Boy
Morgaine le Fey (DC Comics)
Morgan Edge
Morgan, Philip
Morgan's Monster (Strange Tales)
Morlak, Maris (Enclave)
Morrat
Morrison, Henry (encountered Kartu Kon)
Mourner, Silas (Council of Antiquarians)
Mr. Fantastic (Stan Lee) of Earth-1228
Mr. Fantastic duplicate (Galactus' Fantastic Four duplicates)
Mr. Hotline (Brotherhood of Hades)
Mr. Scarlet
Munch, Heinrich (Thing Called IT creator/host)
Murder Machine (Fantastic Four foe)
Mutant Force (Brotherhood of Evil Mutants/Resistants members)
Mutate leader
Mutates of "Earth-69362" (Thor foes)
Mutaurus (Mogul, Thor character)
Mystic Mogul (Mogul)
N'Gassi (Black Panther)
Napoleon G. Robberson (Skrulls of Kral)
Nazi Sleepers 1-3 (original Sleepers)
Necrophone (Victor von Doom invention)
Nega-Man (Janus)
Neuron-Magnet (used against Hulk)
Neutralizer (Tony Sark invention)
New Gods
Newsboy Legion
Nezarr the Calculator
Nick Fury
Night Flyer (Captain America foe)
Night People (Captain America foes/allies)
Norma Richmond (Silver Star character)
North, Dr. John (Kronin Krask foe)
Norton McCoy
Nuclear Measuring Device (Mr. Fantastic invention)
Oberon
Octo-Monster (Lizard Men)
Octo-Sapien (Hulk foe)
Odin (comics)
Ogar (guardian of King Solomon’s Tomb)
Ogur (Mogul, Thor character)
Olympians (Marvel Comics)
OMAC (Buddy Blank)
Omar (Sando's partner, Captain America/Bucky foe)
Omni-Bots (Servo-Guard)
One Above All
Oneg the Prober
Oog (pre-FF monster)
Operation: Artificial Powers (Fantastic Four power sims)
Orikal (Thor character)
Orion (comics)
Orion Missile (invented by Bruce Banner)
Orrgo (Defenders foe, pre-Marvel monster)
Other Earth (Fantastic Four story)
Overkill Horn (SHIELD/Hydra weapon)
Owl Division (HYDRA)
P184 (alternate future spacecraft)
Pacifier (Dr. Doom's robot)
Pacion Rex (Gruto's homeworld)
Painter of a Thousand Perils (Human Torch foe)
Pan (Olympian god)
Pandora (greek myth)
Parademon
Paratron (Machine Man foe)
Parker, Mr. (Ra the Avenger victim)
Paul ?? (encountered Gomdulla)
Pearla (Fantastic Four character)
Peeper (Occult, Mutant Force/Resistants member)
Peepers
Phantom Hound of Cardiff Moor (Golden Age, Captain America foe)
Phil ?? (encountered Trull the Unhuman)
Phillips, Harry (Terrible Trio)
Phineas (ruler of the Fifth Dimension)
Phobos (Galactic Bounty Hunters)
Phosgene gas capsules (Yashonka tech)
Pigman, Nigel (Council of Antiquarians)
Pinky Pinkerton
Plunderer
Pluto (Marvel Comics)
Poker Face (1950s alien)
Poole, Wilbur (creator of Elektro)
Portable Distorters (S.H.I.E.L.D. technology)
Power Broker
Power Drill (Red Skull weapon)
Prester John (Fantastic Four character) - by Per Degaton, Snood
Prime Computer of Earth-78411 (Devil Dinosaur/Moonboy foe)
primitoid (slave of Skrulls of Kral)
Princess Adora (Comicsville character)
Princess Zanda (Black Panther character)
Professor (toymaker, Fantastic Four character)
Professor Briggs (old friend of Dr. Parker)
Professor X
Project: Vanish (military weapon, World War 2)
prospecting equipment
Protector (Ant-Man foe)
Psycho-Man
Punisher (Galactus agent)
Punisher (Galactus)
Puppet Master
Q-Bomb (Wizard's weapon)
Quasimodo
Queely, Alfred (Council of Antiquarians)
Quicksilver (comics)
Quon (xt, Monster from the Lost Lagoon)
Ra the Avenger (Captain America foe)
Radar Crab (Fixer invention)
Radioactive Man
Ralston, Robert "Reb" (Howling Commandos member)
Rama-Tut (Nathaniel Richards, Immortus aspect)
Ramsey, Paul (Torr foe)
Randall Darby
Ransak the Reject
Rawhide Kid
Rawlings, Cedric (Captain America foe)
Rawlings, Celia (Cedric's sister)
Rebel Ralston
Red Ghost
Red Skull
Red Skull (George Maxon, Captain America foe)
Red Wolf (Apache brave, Rawhide Kid foe)
Redmond, John (18th century, loved a witch)
Reds who imprisoned Thor (Thor foes)
Reducta-Craft (Fantastic Four vehicle)
Replicus (Thor foe)
Resistants
Restora-Tank (SHIELD technology)
Rhino Division (HYDRA)
Rhino Tank (HYDRA vehicle)
Rhinogron (slave of Skrulls of Kral)
Rick Jones (comics)
Riggley, Bernard (Black Toad)
Ringmaster
Robot X (Amazing Adventures/Doc Samson character)
robots (servants of Robot X)
Roc (pre-FF monster)
Rocco (Fantastic Four foe)
Rodgers, Paul (Scorpion foe)
Rogers, Steve LMD (Captain America foe)
Romita, Johnny of Earth-1228 (Fantastic Four character)
Rommbu (pre-FF monster)
Ronan the Accuser
Rorgg (King of the Spider Men)
Rose Berkley
Rrorgo (alternate future xt race)
Ruby of the Nile (found by Ra the Avenger, Captain America story)
Ruka (Devil Dinosaur foe)
Ruler of Earth (Pre-Marvel sci-fi character)
Russell, Don (xt conqueror)
Rusty (Hulk robot creator)
S.H.I.E.L.D.
S.H.I.E.L.D. Barbershop (front for headquarters)
S.H.I.E.L.D. Flying Wedge (S.H.I.E.L.D. technology)
Saguta (Mogul)
Sam ?? (S.H.I.E.L.D. Barbershop)
Sanders, Gordon (Golden Age, Vision foe)
Sandman (DC Comics)
Sandman (Journey into Mystery)
Sando (World War II, Captain America/Bucky foe) - by David Lawrence
Sandu (Thor foe)
Satan's Eggs (Dredmund's combat vehicles)
Sawyer, Samuel (General, commanding officer of the Howling Commandos)
Sazzik the Sorcerer (15th century sorcerer)
Scarlet Beetle (Ant-Man foe)
Scarlet Witch
Scarpa, Nick (Black Panther foe)
Scavenger (Mad Thinker's Monster Android)
Scorpion (Marvel Comics)
Scorpion (pre-FF monster)
Sea Dragon Division (HYDRA)
Section Leader B (HYDRA)
Section Leader B's replacement (HYDRA)
Seeker (comics)
Seeker (Inhumans foe)
Seidring (Thor foe)
Sentinel
Sentry (Kree)
Sentry #459 (Kree robot)
Serifan
Sersi
Servo-Guards (Dr. Doom's robot servants)
Servo-Units (Servo-Guards)
Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos
Shadow Men/Soldiers/Warriors (Shadow Realm, agents of Warlord Kaa)
Shadow Realm (Shadowverse, alien dimension)
Shagg (Journey into Mystery)
Shalla Bal of Earth-7888
Sharon Carter
Shellshock (Thing foe)
Shezada (Mogul's sister)
Shinski, Wladyslav (Enclave)
Shocker (Mutant Force/Resistants member)
Sif (comics)
Sigmar (Marvel Comics)
Silent Fox (Keewazi chief, Wyatt Wingfoot's grandfather)
Silent Ones (Trolls of the Isle of Silence)
Silver Star
Silver Surfer
Silver Surfer of Earth-7888
Sir Porga (New Men)
Sister Gladiola (Night People)
Sister Sweet (Night People)
Six Million Year Man (Black Panther foe) - by Omar Karindu
Skagg (Storm Giant)
Skateboard Unit (HYDRA Tigers)
Skoll (Wolf god)
Skrull slave-master (Skrulls of Kral)
Skrulls of Earth-1228 (Fantastic Four foes)
Skrulls of Kral (Fantastic Four characters)
Sky Demons of Reality-78411 (Devil Dinosaur/Moonboy foes)
Sky Masters
Skylla
Slagg (Daredevil/Ka-Zar foe)
slaves of the Skrullls of Kral
Slim (S.H.I.E.L.D. Barbershop)
Slither (comics)
Slither (Mutant Force/Fangs/Serpent Society member)
Slug (Golden Age, Red Skull henchman)
Slugger Sykes (Thor foe)
Smith, Tom (Teen Brigade, Rick Jones foe)
Sniper (Captain America foe)
Solar Guns (Yashonka tech)
Sonic Disruptor (Skrulls of Kral)
Sonny Sumo
Sorcerer (Human Torch foe)
Space Phantom
Spade, Mr. (associate of the "Professor")
Spider (WW2, Black Talon's gang)
Spliny (Fantastic Four character)
Sporr (pre-FF monster)
Spot (Zetora foe)
Sprite (Eternal)
Static Distorter (Fixer invention)
Steel, David (Vision (Aarkus) character)
Steppenwolf (comics)
Stimulator (Fantastic Four device)
Stone Men (pre-FF aliens)
Stone Men From Saturn (Kronans)
Stone-Hand of Earth-78411 (Dinosaur World) (Devil Dinosaur/Moonboy ally)
Stonewell, George (Howling Commandos, replacement member)
Stonians (Gorgolla's race)
Stranger (comics)
Strangler Burns (hand given to Black Talon, WW2)
Street Punks of Earth-7888
Sub-Atronic Time Displacer (device of Uatu)
Sub-Mariner of Earth-1228 (Fantastic Four character)
Sulibeg (servant of Mogul)
Sunday Punch Missile (used against Hulk)
Super-Adaptoid (Captain America/Avengers foe) - by SQUEAK
Super-Skrull
Super-Synthoids (AIM Synthoids)
Supremacy (king of Dimension Z)
Surtur (Marvel Comics)
Swarmers of Earth-78411 (Dinosaur World, Devil Dinosaur foes)
Swine (Captain America foe)
Synthoids (AIM creations)
Taboo (Marvel monster)
Tagar (Count Tagar)
Tartarus (realm of Pluto)
Taurey, William (Royalist Forces)
Taxtor (slave of Skrulls of Kral)
Taylor, Frank (alien champion foe)
Tefral the Surveyor
Temujai (Yellow Claw weapon)
Ten-For (Machine Man foe)
Terrible Trio (Fantastic Four foes)
Thatcher, "Thug" (Thor foe)
Thena
Theos (Fifth Dimension)
thermal bombs (Yashonka tech)
Thermal Man (Thor foe)
Thing (Ben Grimm)
Thing (Jack Kirby) of Earth-1228
Thing Called IT (pre-FF monster)
Thing duplicate (Galactus' Fantastic Four duplicates)
Thing from the Hidden Swamp (Kirby monster)
Thing robot (Operaton: Artificial Powers)
Things in the Box (Pandora's servants)
Thor (Marvel Comics)
Thorg (pre-FF monster)
Thought Projector Helmet (Mr. Fantastic invention)
Thru-the-Ground Tank (Fixer/Mentallo weapon)
Thunderbolt Ross
Tiger Division (HYDRA)
Tigra (DC Comics)
Time Reversal Ray (Mr. Hyde's device) & John Kaminski
Time-Warp Traveller (Comicsville device)
Titan (Avengers foe)
Titano (pre-FF monster)
Toad (comics)
Tomazooma (robot, Fantastic Four foe)
Tomb of the Pharao (Ra the Avenger, Captain America story)
Tommy ?? (Fantastic Four fan)
Top Man (Maggia, Fantastic Four foe)
Torgo (Fantastic Four, Hulk, and Wolverine character)
Torr (Marvel monster)
Tower of Death of Earth-78411 (Dinosaur World, Swarmers)
Transfer Grid
Transistorized Detector (Fantastic Four device)
Trapster
Tri-di-roentgen hand-gun (SHIELD technology)
Tricephalous (Fantastic Four foe)
Triton (Inhuman)
Trull the Unhuman (pre-FF alien)
Tumbler (John Keane, Captain America foe)
Tutinax (Eternals foe)
Two-Gun Kid
Tyr (Galactic Bounty Hunters)
Tyr of the Burning Blade (Warriors of a Thousand Galaxies)
U-Car (underwater FF vehicle)
Uatu
Ufo (Yellow Claw character)
Ufo's Flying Saucer
Ulik
Ultra-Sonic Radio Transmitter (Fantastic Four device)
Ulvar (Gigantus "foe")
Uni-Mind
Unknown (Lurking Unknown)
Unus the Untouchable
Urrpo-Fish (Poppupian fish)
Valeria (princess of Fifth Dimension)
Valkin
Valley of Diamonds (Mole Man's kingdom)
Van Doom, Ludwig
Van Doom's Monster (Marvel monster)
Vandergill, Vincent (Imperial Industries International)
Vanisher
Veda (Corporation)
Venusian (Strange Tales)
Vira (Queen of the Deviants)
Virman Vundabar
Vision (Timely Comics)
Volla (comics)
Volstagg
von Doom, Werner (Dr. Doom's father)
Von Vile, Wilhelm (Painter of a Thousand Perils)
Vortex Bomb (Hydra weapon)
Vykin
Wade, Barnaby (Yellow Claw character)
Wanderer (Prester John)
Warlord Kaa (monster)
Warlord Morrat (Fantastic Four foe)
Warner, Tracy (Machine Man ally)
Warren Worthington III
Warren, John (Zetora foe)
Warrior Guardians (guarded King Solomon’s Tomb)
Warriors of a Thousand Galaxies (Thor foes)
Warriors Three
Wasp (Avengers)
Watchers
Wazir (Asgard, Thor character)
Weems, Wilbur (encountered a ghost)
Wentworth, Charles J. (Robot X foe, Martian invader)
Whirlwind
White Zero (Comicsville hero)
White-Hair of Earth-78411 (Devil Dinosarur ally)
Wild Bill (S.H.I.E.L.D. robot)
Wilkes, Jonathan (Robot X creator)
Williams, Warden (Fantastic Four character)
Willie ?? (Teen Brigade)
Willie Lumpkin
Wilson (Imperial Industries International)
Wizard (Marvel Comics)
Wolfe, Hedy (Hellcat character)
Woman of Earth-7888
Wonder Man
Wong-Chu
Wrecker (Fantastic Four foe)
Wrecker (Thor foe)
Wrecker's Robot
Wyatt Wingfoot
X-Men
X, the Thing That Lived (Marvel Monster)
Xantha (xt race, Fantastic Four characters)
Xemnu the Titan (Kirby monster, Hulk/She-Hulk foe)
Xemu (Human Torch foe)
Xom (Atlas era alien)
Yagg the Slayer (Thor foe)
Yancy Street Gang
Yashonka (Captain America foes)
Yellow-Crested Titans (Olympian creatures)
Yeti (Inhumans, First Line)
Yirbek (xt, Skrull allies)
Ymir (Marvel Comics)
Yogi Dakor (Terrible Trio)
Yucoya-Tzin (Zzutak controller)
Z-Ray (Yashonka tech)
Z-Rays (Cedric Rawlings' radiation)
Zabu
Zamora, Darius (Journey into Mystery)
Zamu (Dr. Druid foe)
Zanadu/Zandu/Xandu (the Mystic Mountain)
Zarin
Zarkorr (pre-Marvel Tales of Suspense character)
Zarrko
Zelda ?? (Iceman girlfriend)
Zemo, Heinrich (12th Baron Zemo)
Zemo's pilot (Zemo imposter)
Zero Street (home of Night People)
Zetora (pre-FF Martian)
Zeus (Marvel Comics)
Ziran the Tester
zombies (created by Lord of Death)
Zorr (Fantastic Four character)
Zota, Carlo (Enclave)
Zuni (Black Musketeers)
Zuras
Zzutak
Qiana Whitted pointed me some time back to this interview with Don McGregor by Cliff Galbraith. McGregor is perhaps best known for his work on Jungle Action and Killraven, both featuring well-written, decidedly non-stereotypical Black characters pretty heavily. He also penned Sabre, which has been argued to be the first modern graphic novel, featuring a Black lead character. Part One of Galbraith's interview focuses on Amazing Adventures #31, which featured Marvel's (and, for that matter, mainstream comics') first interracial kiss.

This was in 1973, five years after Captain Kirk and Lieutenant Uhura kissed on Star Trek. But, while race relations weren't entirely taboo, 1973 was still only six years after Loving v. Virginia in which the U.S. Supreme Court invalidated laws prohibiting interracial marriage. The closest modern parallel I can think of is that the first male gay kiss of primetime television was in 2001, although comics' preceded that by about five years. Here, though, the law lagged (and continues to lag) considerably behind as same-sex marriage was only ruled by the Supreme Court as constitutional -- though still at the discretion of individual states -- in 2006.

So the analogy is far from perfect, but think back to how homosexuality was perceived in the U.S. about 15-20 years ago, and you've got a reasonable approximation of how interracial couples were viewed in 1973. So it's not surprising that publisher Stan Lee was hesitant to print the thing. While he certainly wanted Marvel to be perceived as a progressive company, he also didn't want to upset more conservative readers. Or, more accurately, conservative guardians of younger readers.

And I think that's a key element here. Not that they would have offended readers, or even distributors, but a (potentially) vocal minority in a sub-section of the United States that don't actually read the comics themselves. And, it should be noted, that even when the book went to press, there was no reaction.

Kind of like how there was no reaction when DC showed two men in a post-intercourse embrace in Enigma in the early 1990s. But in both cases, the books in question weren't really "mainstream" in that their audiences were almost exclusively 20-somethings with fairly progressive leanings anyway.

Contrast that to the death threats Lynn Johnston received for having a character come out of the closet in a 1993 For Better or Worse strip. The difference here was the audience was made up of a decidedly older, more broadly conservative population with out-dated notions of who was reading the comics page. So Lee, as Marvel's publisher, was largely concerned because he was misreading his audience. Amazing Adventures wasn't a book for 10-year-olds, it was for those college students Lee had been providing graduation speeches to for the previous decade or so.

Now here's another interesting comparison. When the verdict on Loving v. Virginia was rendered, only about 20% of Americans approved of interracial marriages. That climbed to 29% by 1972, but disapproval remained stronger than approval until 1991, over two decades later. In 2010, public support for gay marriage stood at around 45% (give or take, depending on the poll), and we hit the flipping point there in late 2011; today a clear majority approve of gay marriages.

Let me lay out the direct comparison here. Four years after the Supreme Court said interracial marriages were okay, public opinion polls said 29% of Americans approved. Four years after the Supreme Court said gay marriages were okay, public opinion polls said 45% of Americans approved.

It took a quarter century for a majority of Americans to approve of interracial marriage after the Supreme Court ruling. It took six years to for a majority of Americans to approve of gay marriage after the Supreme Court ruling.

Where I'm going with this is: popular opinion is increasingly moving faster than large organizations, like publishers and the government. With the increase of speed in communications, and the ongoing de-Caucasianing of the United States, those large organizations that aren't able to keep up are going to fail their audiences. If they continue acting as if society hasn't changed in the past 10, 20, 30, 40 years, they're going to fall increasingly out of step and eventually become irrelevant as new, more agile, organizations come in to fill the holes.

Mixed race marriages -- not just couples, but marriages -- numbered over 11 million in 2015. Seventeen percent -- nearly one-fifth! -- of newlyweds are part of an interracial marriage. So where, then, are the mixed race couples in comics? Where are the gay couples? Not only are there way too few "minorities" fairly represented in comics, but there are even fewer minority couplings.

For as much progress as we've made as society in the past few decades, it would seem as if mainstream comics are falling farther and farther behind.
Here are this week's links to what I've had published recently...

Kleefeld on Comics: The Origin of Rama-Tut
https://ift.tt/3yCwlSw

Kleefeld on Comics: New Shelf Porn
https://ift.tt/2VLoCU1

Kleefeld on Comics: Them Days Is Gone Forever
https://ift.tt/3jOen9o

Kleefeld on Comics: Duran Duran's Fightin' Army
https://ift.tt/3jNBcu0

Kleefeld on Comics: Substack Thoughts
https://t.co/WVLpAQkO9j
Substack logo
Over on Twitter, Mark D. White asked me what I thought about the various comics folks moving over to Substack as a platform. I did a quick answer over there, but I figured I'd try to expand on things a bit for today's post.

To catch folks up if they're unaware, Substack is a platform for creators to send digital newsletters (i.e. email). The primary difference between Substack and a "regular" distribution list is that they've got the ability to do both free and paid newsletters. Why would would anyone PAY for a newsletter? Well, Substack caters primarily to writers and journalists -- people whose value is in their ability to write -- so you're paying for (in theory) quality content and not just marketing fluff just pointing you to someplace you can buy their work in print. Earlier this year, they expanded to include comics content as well, and have signed some creators like Jonathan Hickman, Scott Snyder, and Molly Ostertag.

Conceptually, this doesn't strike me as much different than Webtoons. It's a different platform, of course (email vs. a dedicated app) but both companies offer comics in both free and paid versions, and have tried to encourage readership by drawing in some recognized talent, which they lured in by paying them in addition to whatever they made through the comics they create.

Comics via email are nothing new. And, as far as I'm concerned, they'd still be considered "webcomics" as long as what's created for/through Substack is intended for that outlet (as opposed to a print comic that was simply repurposed for Substack). The only real "innovation" (if that's the right word) is that they're monetizing the email format which was, by and large, not monetizable before. (Not in any practical capacity at scale, at any rate.)

What strikes me as the most significant difference between Substack and Webtoons is how they're being funded. Webtoons was founded and is backed by Naver Corporation. While you may not recognize their name, they are a huge corporation in South Korea and has a variety of business ventures, including a very successful search engine, messaging app, streaming video platfom, and online payment service among others. The company went public several years ago and, as such, has to disclose their financial information at least annually; last year, they did ₩5.3 trillion in revenue (about $4.5 trillion US).

By contrast, Substack is a privately held company who, as far as I can tell, has not disclosed any of their investors, nor any of their operating expenses. They claimed to have 100,000 paying subscribers in August of last year and while they're claiming 500,000 subscribers now, the "paying" descriptor is noticeably absent. If we assume a $5/month subscription, that equates to about $6 million annually as of last year, but since they only take a 10% cut of subscription fees, that only amounts to $600,000 in income for them. Even if you assume they have been able to double their paying subscribers in the past year, that still only amounts to $1.2 million. I find it hard to see how the company is profitable right now; just a handful of employees and basic maintenance costs would eat a million dollars up pretty quickly.

To be fair, most companies are NOT profitable for the first few years they're in business. Any return on investment that might be anticipated is generally several years out. But even without seeing any details, it looks to me as if Substack is still burning through their investment money: paying creators on top of the subscription fees, purchasing other start-ups, etc. While I'm admittedly not able to see their core financials, this looks to me very much like a "build a superficially great-looking business that we can sell for a ton of money before it implodes" business model.

So setting aside whatever work these comics creators do or how good it is, and setting aside questionable moral decisions like affording a platform to horrible people like Matthew Yglesias, I don't see how Substack can remain sustainable. Not long-term anyway. As soon as Substack loses whatever investors they have, they'll be forced to close up shop. While Webtoons may not be profitable either (Naver's public documents lump Webtoon's financials in with various other platforms so I can't confirm this, but last I heard Webtoons was being largely subsidized by the parent company) the overall corporate approach could make a business argument for Webtoons being a loss leader for other arms of their business. Substack, as far as I'm aware, does not have any synergies they can claim along these lines. Once the investor cash dries up, they do not have a financial means to continue.

So ultimately, I think Substack is barely a blip on the radar. Regardless of what comics come out of it and/or how good they are, they'll be largely forgotten as a publisher. The creators making money off them now? They're evidently able to retain ownership of their respective IPs, so more power to them. As long as their contracts were creator-friendly and they're getting paid, I can't find fault in what they're doing individually. But Substack as a platform will only last as long as the investors continue to prop it up, and the creators will have to take their toys elsewhere, hopefully having built enough of an audience that will be willing to come along with them!
My wife highlighted to me the Duran Duran video for "Rio" from the archives, and caught this image in the middle of it... The comic he's reading is Charlton's Fightin' Army #157, cover dated April 1982. Cover art is by Sam Glanzman. The interior stories were reprints from Army War Heroes #33-34.

The song "Rio" was released as a single in November 1982; however, the music video was shot over the course of three days in May 1982 on the island of Antigua. Which means that that issue of Fightin' Army was probably the most current one available at the time.

The Wikipedia entry for "Rio" states: "It is one of the band's most recognizable songs, mostly due to its famous music video, which is widely regarded as symbolic of 1980s glamour and excess." That is, of course, despite the appearance of one of the last comic books from a publisher that would barely survive another few years. And then, only after an infusion of cash from when DC bought the rights to most of their superhero characters.

Another oblique comic connection... when the band first started getting together in Birmingham, England, there was a popular nightclub where bands like the Sex Pistols and the Clash performed. The club was named Barbarella's named after the 1968 film, itself based off Jean-Claude Forest's comic strip that ran in V Magazine from 1962-1964. The strip was translated in English and ran in Evergreen Review from 1965-1966, which is how it came to the attention of producer Dino De Laurentiis. The film's script went through several iterations and re-writes, eventually becoming only a very loose adaptation of the original comic. One of the new characters added for the film was Dr. Durand Durand, who acted as the movie's MacGuffin. Therefore since the nightclub the band frequented was named after the movie, the band adopted the name Duran Duran after how the character's named is pronounced.